![]() Indicators are added to the solution mixtures to produce an observable physical change at the end-point or near equivalence point ii. The two values are usually different and the difference gives the titration error. Equivalence point is a point in titration when the amount of standard solution added is exactly equal to the amount of the sample whereas end-point is the point in titration when a physical change occurs that is associated with a condition of chemical equivalence. Equivalence point and end-point are confused to mean the same but they are totally different. Back titration is the process by which the excess of the standard solution used to consume the sample is determined by titration with a second standard solution. ![]() Titration is the process in which the standard reagent is added to a solution of the sample until the reaction is judged to be complete. The reagent of exactly known concentration is refered to as standard reagent. This involves measuring volume of solution of known concentration that is needed to react completely with the sample. Titrimetric methods include powerful group of quantitative procedures that are based on measuring the amount of reagent consumed by the analyte. The volume or mass of the reagent needed to react completely with a fixed quantity of the analyte is obtained from which the amount of analyte is determined. Titration is based on a reaction between the analyte (unknown sample) and the regent of known concentration and reaction stoichiometry. TITRIMETRIC MTHODS Titrimetric methods are widely used in chemistry to determine oxidants, reductants, acids, bases, metal ions, etc. The learning chemistry, silver dissolved in water to the extent of 0.07 mg liter in presence of dissolved oxygen and attacked by atmospheric sulfur compounds, mainly hydrogen sulfide (H S). Chemically, silver metal is quite unreactive element with chemical symbol = Ag, atomic weight = 107.868, melting point = 961.8 ☌, boiling point = 2162 ☌, and electrical resistivity = 1.67 ohm. Although the atomic states of copper, silver, and gold (noble metal family) contain ns (n-1)d outer electron configuration or filled d-subshell but they considered transition elements because in +2 and +3 oxidation number or state of chemical element posses incompletely filled d-orbital. The noble metal, silver form an FCC crystal lattice structure with characteristic silvery-white colour. The name silver comes from Assyrian serpu or Gothic silbur meaning white and from Latin name, Argentum means shiny white (Greek latter Argos). Silver (Ag), atomic number 47, the shiny white, lustrous metal of Group 11 or IB in periodic table chemical element uses from the ancient age to jewelry, coinage (decorative beauty), and electrical conductivity.
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